diff --git a/pre_commit/clientlib.py b/pre_commit/clientlib.py
index bceecaa6..6da6db25 100644
--- a/pre_commit/clientlib.py
+++ b/pre_commit/clientlib.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import argparse
 import functools
 
 from aspy.yaml import ordered_load
+from identify.identify import ALL_TAGS
 
 import pre_commit.constants as C
 from pre_commit import schema
@@ -19,6 +20,14 @@ def check_language(v):
         )
 
 
+def check_type_tag(tag):
+    if tag not in ALL_TAGS:
+        raise schema.ValidationError(
+            'Type tag {!r} is not recognized.  '
+            'Try upgrading identify and pre-commit?'.format(tag),
+        )
+
+
 def _make_argparser(filenames_help):
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help=filenames_help)
@@ -36,10 +45,17 @@ MANIFEST_HOOK_DICT = schema.Map(
         'language', schema.check_and(schema.check_string, check_language),
     ),
 
-    schema.Conditional(
+    schema.Optional(
         'files', schema.check_and(schema.check_string, schema.check_regex),
-        condition_key='always_run', condition_value=False,
+        '',
     ),
+    schema.Optional(
+        'exclude',
+        schema.check_and(schema.check_string, schema.check_regex),
+        '^$',
+    ),
+    schema.Optional('types', schema.check_array(check_type_tag), ['file']),
+    schema.Optional('exclude_types', schema.check_array(check_type_tag), []),
 
     schema.Optional(
         'additional_dependencies', schema.check_array(schema.check_string), [],
@@ -48,11 +64,6 @@ MANIFEST_HOOK_DICT = schema.Map(
     schema.Optional('always_run', schema.check_bool, False),
     schema.Optional('pass_filenames', schema.check_bool, True),
     schema.Optional('description', schema.check_string, ''),
-    schema.Optional(
-        'exclude',
-        schema.check_and(schema.check_string, schema.check_regex),
-        '^$',
-    ),
     schema.Optional('language_version', schema.check_string, 'default'),
     schema.Optional('log_file', schema.check_string, ''),
     schema.Optional('minimum_pre_commit_version', schema.check_string, '0'),
diff --git a/pre_commit/commands/run.py b/pre_commit/commands/run.py
index a8e61193..99d3a189 100644
--- a/pre_commit/commands/run.py
+++ b/pre_commit/commands/run.py
@@ -6,18 +6,24 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 
+from identify.identify import tags_from_path
+
 from pre_commit import color
 from pre_commit import git
 from pre_commit import output
 from pre_commit.output import get_hook_message
 from pre_commit.staged_files_only import staged_files_only
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output
+from pre_commit.util import memoize_by_cwd
 from pre_commit.util import noop_context
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger('pre_commit')
 
 
+tags_from_path = memoize_by_cwd(tags_from_path)
+
+
 def _get_skips(environ):
     skips = environ.get('SKIP', '')
     return {skip.strip() for skip in skips.split(',') if skip.strip()}
@@ -37,6 +43,16 @@ def get_changed_files(new, old):
     )[1].splitlines()
 
 
+def filter_filenames_by_types(filenames, types, exclude_types):
+    types, exclude_types = frozenset(types), frozenset(exclude_types)
+    ret = []
+    for filename in filenames:
+        tags = tags_from_path(filename)
+        if tags >= types and not tags & exclude_types:
+            ret.append(filename)
+    return tuple(ret)
+
+
 def get_filenames(args, include_expr, exclude_expr):
     if args.origin and args.source:
         getter = git.get_files_matching(
@@ -58,7 +74,10 @@ NO_FILES = '(no files to check)'
 
 
 def _run_single_hook(hook, repo, args, skips, cols):
-    filenames = get_filenames(args, hook.get('files', '^$'), hook['exclude'])
+    filenames = get_filenames(args, hook['files'], hook['exclude'])
+    filenames = filter_filenames_by_types(
+        filenames, hook['types'], hook['exclude_types'],
+    )
     if hook['id'] in skips:
         output.write(get_hook_message(
             _hook_msg_start(hook, args.verbose),
diff --git a/pre_commit/parse_shebang.py b/pre_commit/parse_shebang.py
index be38d15f..4419cbfc 100644
--- a/pre_commit/parse_shebang.py
+++ b/pre_commit/parse_shebang.py
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
-import io
 import os.path
-import shlex
-import string
 
-
-printable = frozenset(string.printable)
+from identify.identify import parse_shebang_from_file
 
 
 class ExecutableNotFoundError(OSError):
@@ -15,34 +11,11 @@ class ExecutableNotFoundError(OSError):
         return (1, self.args[0].encode('UTF-8'), b'')
 
 
-def parse_bytesio(bytesio):
-    """Parse the shebang from a file opened for reading binary."""
-    if bytesio.read(2) != b'#!':
-        return ()
-    first_line = bytesio.readline()
-    try:
-        first_line = first_line.decode('US-ASCII')
-    except UnicodeDecodeError:
-        return ()
-
-    # Require only printable ascii
-    for c in first_line:
-        if c not in printable:
-            return ()
-
-    cmd = tuple(shlex.split(first_line))
-    if cmd[0] == '/usr/bin/env':
-        cmd = cmd[1:]
-    return cmd
-
-
 def parse_filename(filename):
-    """Parse the shebang given a filename."""
-    if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.access(filename, os.X_OK):
+    if not os.path.exists(filename):
         return ()
-
-    with io.open(filename, 'rb') as f:
-        return parse_bytesio(f)
+    else:
+        return parse_shebang_from_file(filename)
 
 
 def find_executable(exe, _environ=None):
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 0b8bcb7d..1ec3c6ff 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ setup(
     install_requires=[
         'aspy.yaml',
         'cached-property',
+        'identify>=1.0.0',
         'nodeenv>=0.11.1',
         'pyyaml',
         'six',
diff --git a/testing/resources/exclude_types_repo/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml b/testing/resources/exclude_types_repo/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed8794fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/resources/exclude_types_repo/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+-   id: python-files
+    name: Python files
+    entry: bin/hook.sh
+    language: script
+    types: [python]
+    exclude_types: [python3]
diff --git a/testing/resources/exclude_types_repo/bin/hook.sh b/testing/resources/exclude_types_repo/bin/hook.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..bdade513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/resources/exclude_types_repo/bin/hook.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+echo $@
+exit 1
diff --git a/testing/resources/types_repo/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml b/testing/resources/types_repo/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e5e4a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/resources/types_repo/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+-   id: python-files
+    name: Python files
+    entry: bin/hook.sh
+    language: script
+    types: [python]
diff --git a/testing/resources/types_repo/bin/hook.sh b/testing/resources/types_repo/bin/hook.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..bdade513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/resources/types_repo/bin/hook.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+echo $@
+exit 1
diff --git a/tests/clientlib_test.py b/tests/clientlib_test.py
index 454824a9..65209a64 100644
--- a/tests/clientlib_test.py
+++ b/tests/clientlib_test.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import pytest
 
 from pre_commit import schema
 from pre_commit.clientlib import check_language
+from pre_commit.clientlib import check_type_tag
 from pre_commit.clientlib import CONFIG_HOOK_DICT
 from pre_commit.clientlib import CONFIG_SCHEMA
 from pre_commit.clientlib import is_local_repo
@@ -27,6 +28,12 @@ def test_check_language_failures(value):
         check_language(value)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('value', ('definitely-not-a-tag', 'fiel'))
+def test_check_type_tag_failures(value):
+    with pytest.raises(schema.ValidationError):
+        check_type_tag(value)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('value', ('python', 'node', 'pcre'))
 def test_check_language_ok(value):
     check_language(value)
diff --git a/tests/commands/run_test.py b/tests/commands/run_test.py
index d8522da4..1643cbb8 100644
--- a/tests/commands/run_test.py
+++ b/tests/commands/run_test.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from pre_commit.commands.run import run
 from pre_commit.runner import Runner
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output
 from pre_commit.util import cwd
+from pre_commit.util import make_executable
 from testing.auto_namedtuple import auto_namedtuple
 from testing.fixtures import add_config_to_repo
 from testing.fixtures import make_consuming_repo
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ def repo_with_failing_hook(tempdir_factory):
 
 
 def stage_a_file(filename='foo.py'):
-    cmd_output('touch', filename)
+    open(filename, 'a').close()
     cmd_output('git', 'add', filename)
 
 
@@ -153,6 +154,35 @@ def test_hook_that_modifies_but_returns_zero(
         )
 
 
+def test_types_hook_repository(
+        cap_out, tempdir_factory, mock_out_store_directory,
+):
+    git_path = make_consuming_repo(tempdir_factory, 'types_repo')
+    with cwd(git_path):
+        stage_a_file('bar.py')
+        stage_a_file('bar.notpy')
+        ret, printed = _do_run(cap_out, git_path, _get_opts())
+        assert ret == 1
+        assert b'bar.py' in printed
+        assert b'bar.notpy' not in printed
+
+
+def test_exclude_types_hook_repository(
+        cap_out, tempdir_factory, mock_out_store_directory,
+):
+    git_path = make_consuming_repo(tempdir_factory, 'exclude_types_repo')
+    with cwd(git_path):
+        with io.open('exe', 'w') as exe:
+            exe.write('#!/usr/bin/env python3\n')
+        make_executable('exe')
+        cmd_output('git', 'add', 'exe')
+        stage_a_file('bar.py')
+        ret, printed = _do_run(cap_out, git_path, _get_opts())
+        assert ret == 1
+        assert b'bar.py' in printed
+        assert b'exe' not in printed
+
+
 def test_show_diff_on_failure(
         capfd, cap_out, tempdir_factory, mock_out_store_directory,
 ):
diff --git a/tests/manifest_test.py b/tests/manifest_test.py
index 47e7fa32..7db886c5 100644
--- a/tests/manifest_test.py
+++ b/tests/manifest_test.py
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ def test_manifest_contents(manifest):
         'name': 'Bash hook',
         'pass_filenames': True,
         'stages': [],
+        'types': ['file'],
+        'exclude_types': [],
     }]
 
 
@@ -54,6 +56,8 @@ def test_hooks(manifest):
         'name': 'Bash hook',
         'pass_filenames': True,
         'stages': [],
+        'types': ['file'],
+        'exclude_types': [],
     }
 
 
diff --git a/tests/parse_shebang_test.py b/tests/parse_shebang_test.py
index 46ca2db8..3f87aea8 100644
--- a/tests/parse_shebang_test.py
+++ b/tests/parse_shebang_test.py
@@ -15,36 +15,10 @@ from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
 from pre_commit.util import make_executable
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ('s', 'expected'),
-    (
-        (b'', ()),
-        (b'#!/usr/bin/python', ('/usr/bin/python',)),
-        (b'#!/usr/bin/env python', ('python',)),
-        (b'#! /usr/bin/python', ('/usr/bin/python',)),
-        (b'#!/usr/bin/foo  python', ('/usr/bin/foo', 'python')),
-        (b'\xf9\x93\x01\x42\xcd', ()),
-        (b'#!\xf9\x93\x01\x42\xcd', ()),
-        (b'#!\x00\x00\x00\x00', ()),
-    ),
-)
-def test_parse_bytesio(s, expected):
-    assert parse_shebang.parse_bytesio(io.BytesIO(s)) == expected
-
-
 def test_file_doesnt_exist():
     assert parse_shebang.parse_filename('herp derp derp') == ()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.xfail(
-    sys.platform == 'win32', reason='Windows says everything is X_OK',
-)
-def test_file_not_executable(tmpdir):
-    x = tmpdir.join('f')
-    x.write_text('#!/usr/bin/env python', encoding='UTF-8')
-    assert parse_shebang.parse_filename(x.strpath) == ()
-
-
 def test_simple_case(tmpdir):
     x = tmpdir.join('f')
     x.write_text('#!/usr/bin/env python', encoding='UTF-8')